Top reasons, the sound card and drivers, the video drivers, and perhaps top on the list is the printer.

Make sure all drivers are up to the latest, don't rely on Windows to do that. You need to do it yourself.

I would delete your printer and see if Finale will start. Bottom line you have a conflict that Finale and Windows do not like.

Those ae the top conflict issues.

You may be able to, and I would try this first is, stop the print spooler until Finale loads. You can restart it afterward.

Thanks Ernst.

Now I see that all problems do not occur if I open all projects and the program itself via the icon on my desktop. All other pathways lead to the crash.

Strange, isn't it?

Any comment on that?

Yes it is.

No further suggestion besides the reason Finale fails to load is a conflict somewhere with something on your machine. 

I just relied the problems I have seen with Finale in the past.