Those symbols should be in the Jazz Cord library. If you import that library into your document, then you'll have access to them.

Both Broadway Copyist and Jazz fonts have the triangle, circle, slashed circle and plus. Neither have the minus, but you could easily create it.

If you enter the root, followed by :0 (colon, zero) you will see all of the available suffixes. Also, in your Help menu, go to Character Sets. Choose the font you want to examine, and then, Chord Symbols to see the shortcuts.

It seems that the shortcuts don't work in Broadway Copyist. I have submitted a ticket.

Response from Finale:

The chord library in the Handwritten document style does not have this symbol in it by default. Why it doesn't include this particular minor variation I can't say for certain, especially since it's fairly common, the document style was just not created that way. 

Load the Chord Suffix Extended (Jazz font)

Does not have which symbol?